The recent release of political prisoners in Russia brings to mind the long struggle for human dignity and freedom in the former Soviet Union. Each year during the celebrations of the Orthodox Christmas many Ukrainians and connoisseurs of poetry worldwide remember the birth of the major Ukrainian poet and dissident Vasyl Stus, born on Christmas Eve 1938. Yet Vasyl Stus was less lucky than Mikhail Khodorkovsky: he died aged 47 on 4 September 1985 (Perestroika had already begun!) in labour camp 36-1  near the village of Kuchino in Perm Krai. Vasyl Stus was sentenced for the second time in 1980 to ten years of forced labour and five years of exile under Article 62 (‘anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda’).
    
In January 2008, in independent Ukraine, to mark the 70th anniversary of Vasyl Stus’s birth, Ukrposhta issued a commemorative  stamp depicting the labour camp in which the poet was writing and translating (the picture below from Wikimedia Commons). The book of his last poems entitled Palimpsesty (Palimpsests) was first published in Switzerland (Bern, 1986; British Library YA.1988.a.9200)

The ‘crimes’ of Vasyl Stus were quite different from those of the modern-day prisoners in the Russian Federation. The Canadian writer of Ukrainian descent Myrna Kostash, in her fictional biography of Vasyl Stus ‘Inside the Copper Mountains’,  describes the events of his rebellion in 1965:

There were several hundred packed into the Ukraina cinema in downtown Kyiv the day that the new Sergei Paradzhanov film, Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors,  premiered. The word had gone around that ‘something was going to happen.’ After the screening, the journalist Viacheslav Chornovil and the critic Ivan Dziuba strode to the stage, grabbed the microphone and denounced the recent arrests of artists and intellectuals, their colleagues and friends, who had been protesting publicly the Russification of Ukrainian culture. The plainclothes police in the audience did not let Dziuba finish speaking but switched on sirens to drown out his words and then chased him off the stage. Vasyl Stus, the writer of a handful of published poems, stood up from the floor and shouted out a challenge to the crowd:  ‘All those against tyranny, rise up!’ (from The Doomed Bridegroom, Edmonton, 1998).

Vasyl Stus spent his school years in the Donetsk region of Ukraine. He studied at Donetsk university from 1954-1959. His first poems appeared in the popular newspaper Literaturna Ukraina (‘Literary Ukraine’) in 1959. Then in 1963 a substantial selection of poems was published in the literary magazine Dnipro (‘Dnieper’;  P.P.4842.dms). In 1964 he was admitted to post-graduate studies at the Shevchenko Institute of Literature in Kyiv and a year later was appointed as a senior academic assistant in the State Historic Archives.

The protest in 1965 in the cinema did not go unnoticed by the Soviet authorities. The first arrest and imprisonment followed in January 1972. On 7  September of the same year Stus was convicted and sentenced to five years of forced labour in a Special Regime camp in the Mordovian ASSR and three years of internal exile in Siberia. In 1977 he began compulsory labour in a gold mine near Magadan. In October 1979 Stus returned to Kyiv and soon joined the Ukrainian Helsinki Group which united prominent Ukrainian human rights activists Oksana Meshko, Levko Lukyanenko, Petro Hryhorenko, Vyacheslav Chornovil and others. His freedom did not last for long; a second arrest and imprisonment followed.

Memorial plaque at the Donetsk university with an inscription of fragments from  poem by Vasyl Stus “How good it is that I am not afraid of death“.

The British Library holds two editions of poetry by Vasyl Stus published in Belgium and Germany during his life-time:  Zymovi dereva (‘Winter Trees’, Brussels, 1970; X.989/9673) and Svicha v svichadi (‘A Candle in a Mirror’, Munich, 1977;  X.958/8873).  In 1989 the remains of Vasyl Stus were brought back from Russia to Ukraine and buried in the Baykove cemetery in Kyiv. The publication of his poetry, translations, articles and letters started. The British Library holds many of these posthumous editions, including Peredchuttia (‘Foretaste’; Lviv, 1991; YA.1996.a.22488), Vikna v pozaprostir (‘Windows to another space’‘ Kyiv , 1992; YA.2000.a.13685), a bilingual edition of Zolotokosa krasunia (‘The Golden-Braided Beauty’,  Kharkiv, 1995; YA.1997.a.21048);  Vybrane (‘Selected poems’, Donetsk, 1998; YA.2000.a.40272), Tvory (Works, Lviv, 1994-1999; ZA.9.a.8253) and others. Among our recent Ukrainian acquisitons are new books:  his own Lysty u vichnist (‘Letters to eternity’, Donetsk, 2013) and a book of memoirs about him Vasyl Stus: poet i hromadianyn (‘Vasyl Stus: poet and a citizen’; Kyiv, 2013).

Slowly but steadily the dense philosophical poetry of Vasyl Stus is attracting the attention of translators into various languages.  The British Library holds translations into Polish  (Poezja Wasyla Stusa, Kraków,1996;  YA.a.1998.a.3595),  German (Du hast dein Leben nur geträumt, Bern, 1988;  ZA.9.a.986(23))  and Russian (Vot tak i ty sgorai, Kyiv, 2005;  YF.2006.a.17976). The first English-language translations, Selected Poems by Jaropolk Lassowski, were published in 1987 in Munich by the Ukrainian Free University. Yet the poet still remains to be discovered in the English-speaking world! Only a few poems translated into English are found online, as in this article by Dr Wolodymyr Zyla from the émigré newspaper The Ukrainian Weekly:  ‘Weep, sky, weep’.

To get a flavour of his poetry, very popular in modern Ukraine, you can listen to romances and songs on poetry by Vasyl Stus by Sisters Telnyuk and by Levko and Marko Tymoshchuk in London in 2013.

Olga Kerziouk, Curator of Ukrainian Studies

Kaliady – it’s  Christmas, but Belarusian style. ‘Kaliady’ means Calendar (Calendae in Latin)

When I was staying at my parents home this summer in Brest, Belarus I found a wonderful card, published in Minsk by Belposhta with a verse about Kaliady by Belarusian author, poet and translator Ryhor Baradulin and illustrated by Volha Bialitskaia.



Belarusian Kaliady card. The inscription reads:  “Let the light of Kaliady’s star shine for your happiness, let the vodka and fate not be bitter”.

Kaliady, which lasts from 25 December 25 to 7 January is a traditional winter festival with Pagan roots. Its celebration coincides with Christmas; there are 12 vegetarian dishes on the festive table and the main dish is Kutia, a sweet grain pudding.

Kaliady is always about traditional values:  family, home, children and of course fun. People dress up in costumes and go with songs and music from home to home – trick or treating almost – but according to folklore the more people knock on your door during Kaliady the more good luck you have in the New Year.

The British Library’s Sound collections hold a CD by Belarusian folk group Troitsa  called Zimachka   (“Winter”) with traditional Belarusian winter folk songs (call  number: 1CD0336480 ). This  well-known group was established in 1996 in Minsk, Belarus. The CD has been kindly catalogued by my colleague Ian Davis (Sound and Vision Cataloguer).

We wish all our readers the very best for Kaliady and the coming year!

Rimma Lough, Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian Cataloguer

The Panizzi Lectures, based upon the original researches of eminent scholars of the book, have been delivered annually since 1985. They cover a wide and international subject range within the overall umbrella of historical bibliography. In this year’s series of three lectures, on Monday 6, Tuesday 7 and Thursday 9 January 2014, Professor Robert Darnton will look at how censorship operated in three different periods and countries - Bourbon France, Imperialist India, and Communist Germany.

The image used in the publicity for the lectures (above) is a detail of a satirical print by J. J. Grandville, published in November 1833 in L’Association mensuelle, a special edition of Charles Philipon’s La Caricature.  It shows King Louis Philippe and his entourage raiding the workshop of the Freedom of the Press. The king is seen on the left, brutally trying to silence a woman worker (a personification of  Freedom of the Press), his right foot treading on a paper called  Le Bon Sens (‘Common Sense’). Other officials are depicted attacking the press itself, or tearing newspapers. Hanging above  are issues of anti-Government papers like  Le Charivari  and  La Caricature, the latter showing a pear - a notorious caricature of the head of Louis-Philippe, created  by Philipon in 1831 and subsequently used by artists (notably Daumier) to represent the king.

The three lectures are:

1.  Monday 6 January 2014. Bourbon France: Privilege and repression.
Censorship under the Ancien Régime in France was positive: a royal endorsement of a book’s quality in the form of a privilege. Books that could not qualify for privileges circulated in a vast underground trade, which a specialized literary police attempted, with limited success, to repress.

2.  Tuesday 7 January 2014. British India: Liberalism and Imperialism.
After the rebellion of 1857, the British masters of India realized they understood little about the country they had conquered and therefore produced extensive surveys of “native” literature. The surveys reveal the nature of imperialist discourse about Indian literature, and they provided material for the repression of everything deemed seditious after the partition of Bengal in 1905.

3. Thursday 9 January 2014. Communist East Germany: Planning and Persecution.
In Communist East Germany, censorship meant “planning,” a literary version of social engineering.  Every book had to be incorporated in an annual plan after a complex process of negotiation and compromise, which made authors complicit with censors and led to struggles that reverberated up to the top of the power structure.

Professor Robert Darnton (right) is Carl H. Pforzheimer University Professor and Director of the University Library at Harvard.  He has written and edited many books, including The Business of Enlightenment: A publishing History of the Encyclopédie (Cambridge, Mass., 1979, an early attempt to develop the history of books as a field of study; British Library X.981/21846), The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History (New York, 1984, probably his most popular work, which has been translated into 18 languages; X.800/41225), Berlin Journal, 1989-1990 (New York, 1991, an account of the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of East Germany; YC.1993.a.3801), and The Forbidden Best-Sellers of Prerevolutionary France (New York, 1995, a study of the underground book trade; YC.1995.b.3040). His latest books are The Case for Books (New York, 2009; m09/36681), The Devil in the Holy Water, or The Art of Slander in France from Louis XIV to Napoleon (Philadelphia, 2010; YC.2012.a.15402), and Poetry and the Police: Communication Networks in Eighteenth-Century Paris (Cambridge, Mass., 2010; YC.2010.a.16713).

All lectures will be in the Lecture Theatre of the British Library Conference Centre, 96 Euston Road, London NW1 2DB.  18.30-19.30. Admission is free and  the lectures are not ticketed; seats will be allocated on a first come, first served basis.

The last lecture will be followed by a drinks reception to which all are welcome.

Chris Michaelides, Secretary, Panizzi Foundation.