Wall maps are sometimes depicted in the background of painted or printed portraits.  Almost always they are just a blur with a stroke of colour or a sign-like blot .  This is emphatically not the case in the portrait of Mildmay Fane , 2^nd Earl of Westmoreland (1602-65) engraved by Peter Williamson in 1662.

 The Efigies of the right Honnorable Mildmay Earl of Westmorland Baron Le Despencer & Burghergh and Knight of the Bath etc. BHEN (?)  invent. P. Williamson Sculp 1662.

Copper engraving. 260 x 203 mm.

 The Earl is depicted sitting in front of a wall map showing Lincolnshire and parts of Northamptonshire and  Nottinghamshire with rivers, roads and numerous placenames in microscopic lettering.   A compass rose at the top left suggests that the original was cut from a larger map of England and Wales but in fact the map – if it actually  existed – was probably a purpose-made manuscript. 

[detail showing the map]

Even taking into account that it is oriented to the  North-East, the geographical realities are slightly distorted,  there are blank spaces in the East even though the area is relatively densely populated. And it appears to show roads, which were not to be found on any known contemporary printed wall maps, notably the so-called Quartermaster-General’s Map, derived from Saxton’s wall map of 1583 and engraved by Wenceslas Hollar. 

A close study suggests that it dated from the time of the English Civil War, and probably from about 1646,  since it names ‘Col Rossiter’s House’, though Edward Rossiter of Somerby (1618-69) , a colonel in the parliamentary armies, had made his peace with Charles II and been knighted by 1662.  The Earl’s clothing also seems old-fashioned for the 1660s, suggesting that the painting from which the print was probably copied  was created in the 1650s. The selective depiction of the terrain suggest that the map commemorates a military campaign, such as that culminating in the siege of Newark in 1645-6. 

It seems unlikely though that in the wake of the restoration of Charles II in 1660, the Earl of Westmoreland would have wished to draw attention in the print to a royalist defeat. The map does however breathe strategy and local power politics.  Its most striking feature  are the names of great houses that are sprinkled across and including the Earl’s own seat of Apethorpe (recently restored by English Heritage and seeking a new owner),   the Earl of Exeter’s home at Burghley and  Tattershall and Grimthorpe  castles, then the homes of the earls of Lincoln and Lord Willoughby de Eresby respectively – as well as Col. Rossiter’s House. 

Regardless of whether or  not it represented a military campaign, it presents the framework of  power in that part of England during the Civil War as perceived by one of the actors at the time.  In this it resembles the tapestry maps created of the midland counties by various generations of the Sheldon family after 1580 and the  copies of Saxton’s county maps that were annotated with the names of justices of the peace by Lord Burghley between 1572 and 1598 by Lord Burghley, now in the British Library (Royal Ms 18.D.III).

It may well represent a type of map of which virtually no examples now survive, but which the nobility and gentry might have used to plot their marriage strategies and electoral campaigns.  Small though it is, it deserves further study – which is the reason why an example has just been purchased by the British Library.

Peter Barber

 

 

 

I'm pleased to welcome as our latest guest blogger Mel Byrd from the British Library's higher education team. Mel has been heavily involved with the 'Made with the British Library' video series, and has an interesting map case-study to introduce. 

'The Library recently launched a new series of videos, Made with the British Library, which tell the stories of some of the researchers that have been inspired by the Library’s collections. One of the videos caught my eye; it’s a fascinating example of how modern and historical mapping can be used in research.

Dr Diana Newall is an Associate Lecturer at the University of Kent. She’s an art historian, focusing on 15th century travel and Mediterranean studies, and she has published several books, including Art History: The Basics (2008). Diana began using the British Library during her PhD, when she was researching the Venetian period on Crete (in the 13th – 17th centuries), and the Cretan school of art created during that time. She became interested in Candia: the former capital of Crete, on the site of modern Heraklion. Candia was destroyed in the early 20th century and there is very little evidence of the old city.

 

Diana used the Library’s map collections to start to recreate the city: socially and topographically. She looked at 15th century maps of the region, as well as topographical maps created by British soldiers stationed on Crete in WWII. To understand what it was like to live in Candia at that time, Diana used a wide range of sources, including a first edition of one of the earliest illustrated travel books: a 15th century account of a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, by Bernhard von Breydenbach. She was able to compare this with other works featuring Candia, to track the changing city – and its destruction. Using the Library's collections in this way gave crucial context to Diana's research and enabled her to recreate this lost city.'

 We’d love to hear about how the Library has inspired you, or about your discoveries in our collections. Write a comment below, or send us an email