16 July 2014
The best days of their lives: going to school in Spain in 1761.
The Jesuits don’t always get a good press, but we Hispanists owe them a great debt: many university libraries inherited their collections of early books from the libraries of the Jesuit schools which came into state hands when the Order was expelled from Spain in 1767.
The Jesuits famously prided themselves on the importance of Education, Education, Education: ‘give me a boy until the age of seven…’. And in the early modern period Jesuit education was very highly regarded: Lope de Vega, Quevedo and Calderón were old boys of the Colegio Imperial in Madrid.
The Reales Seminarios de Nobles were a series of Jesuit-run schools for the sons of the nobility.
Title-page of Constituciones del Real Seminario de Nobles de la Purissima Concepcion de Calatayud (Calatayud, 1761) RB.23.a.36026(1); I hope nobody got into trouble for spilling the ink.
This little book, recently purchased, gives a snapshot of life in the Real Seminario de Nobles of Calatayud (Aragon, north-eastern Spain), founded in 1752. In 1761 there were 81 pupils in place, ‘from all over Spain, and some from the Indies’, aged from 7 to 16.
‘Each boy shall bring clothes, underwear, towels and handkerchiefs suited to his cleanliness’; ‘a little book of Christian doctrine, a wig box, a brush, an inkwell and books and instruments according to his faculty.’ In school they wore clothes from home, but they also had a uniform for street wear: ‘the uniform is to be military, black, with a small wig and sword’.
What about food, glorious food? ‘In the morning, chocolate’ [presumably drinking]; ‘at midday, meat, soup or rice, varying every day, stew (cocido, with chickpeas) and dessert; in the afternoon, fruit of the season; for supper, salad raw or cooked, or soup; stew (guisado) and dessert’. The Seminary took care of sewing the boys’ clothes (but not patching). There were servants to make the boys’ beds, sweep the floors, bring them lights, cut their hair and dress their wigs.
The timetable is laid down. Up at 6, wash and do hair. 6.30: prayers. 7.15: breakfast and [private] study [in silence]. 8.00: classes, followed by study in their rooms ‘except for those who are studying dance’. 11.30: While the mathematicians, rhetoricians, grammarians and youngest boys have lunch, the philosophers will argue until they have their lunch at 12.
After lunch: games, and for some music or dancing lessons.
Afternoon: 1.15: visit chapel, then study in their rooms. 2.00: classes. 4.15: snack (merienda), games, dancing. 5.30: rosary. 5.45: prayers and then talks and walks. 8.00: Supper for those who had lunch at 11.30; the philosophers will exercise till supper. After supper: recreation (in winter, in the lighted kitchen; in summer, in the room with the heater [brasero]). 9.30: spiritual reading, examination of conscience, and bed.
In vacation, more time is given to Christian Doctrine, ‘Galateo’ (presumably a courtesy book in the tradition of Della Casa), geography, history, writing letters and practising handwriting.
Though educated by the Church, these boys were to be men active in the world: hence the social accomplishments of dancing and courtesy and the importance of being well-bewigged.
And all this in Latin.
Barry Taylor, Curator Hispanic Studies
References
Francisco Aguilar Piñal, ‘Los reales Seminarios de Nobles en la política ilustrada española’, Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos, no. 356 (febrero 1980), 329-49. PP.7613.pm
10 February 2014
The history of Spain in 40,000 lives
Spain has eight academies, founded in the 18th century on the French model.
The Academy of the Spanish Language, Real Academia Española (RAE), has a good record of publication. Its first dictionary, the Diccionario de Autoridades, so called because it provided citations from approved authors for every entry, came out in 1726 (BL shelfmark 1505/273.). The first Academy grammar, Gramática de la Lengua Castellana (236.d.32), came out in 1771.
The RAE has not wanted for detractors. The Dictionary was mocked for its definition of ‘dog’ as ‘animal the male of which which raises its hind leg to urinate’. The entry for the passive in the Grammar explains ‘the passive voice is little used in Spanish’.
The Diccionario Histórico de la Lengua Española (Historical Dictionary of Spanish) launched in 1933 and stalled in 1936 having reached from A to Ce (LEX.83). It has since been revived in electronic form.
The Spanish Academy of History, Real Academia de la Historia, also has a history of tribulations in publishing. Palencia’s history of the reign of Isabella, the Gesta Hispaniensia, was written 1450-92; publication was mooted by the Academy in 1835, but it was issued in an authoritative edition only in 1998-99 (ZA.9.a.9553) and at the time of writing is incomplete.
The Catalans produced an excellent Biographical Dictionary (Diccionari biogràfic) in four volumes in 1966-70 (HLR 920.046). But the Spanish Biographical Dictionary, Diccionario biográfico español, first mooted when the Academy was founded in 1735, only finally began to appear in 2009.
But that wasn’t the end of it. Press coverage paid lip service to the huge scale of the project (nearly 40,000 lives) and focused more heavily on the politics. Many of the contributors were in their 70s; many went back to the days of the Franco regime and were proud of it. The life of Franco was by his friend Prof. Luis Suárez Fernández. When challenged as to why he didn’t call Franco a dictator, he replied: ‘Franco never dictated anything’.
There were calls for the entire Dictionary to be pulped, or for corrections to be made in any future electronic edition (as yet it’s paper only). It’s now been agreed that revisions of some of the most contentious entries will be issued.
The complete Dictionary is now on the open shelves in the Humanities 1 Reading Room (HLR 920.046) and researchers can make up their own minds. Currently shelved on the far wall as you enter the Reading Room, its 50 volumes – bound in sky blue – beckon to readers as soon as they pass the security checks.
Diccionario biográfico español (Madrid, 2009- )
Barry Taylor, Curator Hispanic Studies
References:
Raúl Prieto, ¡Vuelve la real madre Academia! Crítica científica, aunque irrespetuosa y cachonda, del Diccionario de la lengua española, edición XX, 1984, de la Real Academia Española. (México, 1985). YA.1989.a.15497
E. Jiménez Ríos, La crítica lexicográfica y el ‘Diccionario de la Real Academia Española’: obras y autores contra el Diccionario (La Coruña, 2013)
‘El Diccionario Biográfico Español, revisado una vez que se termine’, El País, 12.3.2013 (http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2013/03/12/actualidad/1363098033_499816.html)
17 January 2014
A Hundred Items of Joy
Dr Marjorie Boulton, born in 1924, is well known to students of literature for her textbooks on literary studies: The Anatomy of Poetry (1953, BL shelfmark 11869.d.38), The Anatomy of Prose (1954, 11867.n.12), The Anatomy of Drama (1960, 11866.g.37), The Anatomy of Language (1968, 012212.bb.1/103), The Anatomy of the Novel (1975, X.980/31289) and The Anatomy of Literary Studies (1980, 80/18342) – all published in London by Routledge & Kegan Paul. She is the author of 16 books in English.
Marjorie Boulton in 1997 (Picture by Inga Johannson from Wikimedia Commons)
Yet Marjorie Boulton started out as a poet. Her first book was a collection of poems, Preliminaries (London, 1949; W28/9314, copy signed by the author). In the same year she discovered Esperanto and soon became one of the most accomplished poets in that language. She produced many books in Esperanto to the great delight of Esperanto speakers from Albania to Zimbabwe. It is no exaggeration to say that she is one the most loved and widely-read figures in the Esperanto movement. She is also very much praised by all cat-lovers for of her humorous poems and stories about these animals, such as Dekdu piedetoj (‘Twelve Little Paws’, [Stoke-on-Trent], 1964; YF.2008.a.36769).
The British Library holds 19 of her books in Esperanto: poetry, dramas, translations, lectures, textbooks, biographies. Amongst the poetry collections we find her first book Kontralte (‘In Contralto’, Tenerife, 1955; YF.2008.a.18897), Cent ĝojkantoj (‘A Hundred Songs of Joy’, Burslem,1957; 12900.c.8), Eroj kaj Aliaj Poemoj (‘Fragments and Other Poems’, Tenerife,1959; YF.2008.a.19522), Rimleteroj (‘Letters in Rhyme’, with William Auld, Manchester, 1976; YF.2010.a.22936) and others. Marjorie Boulton also penned the biography of the creator of Esperanto: Zamenhof: Creator of Esperanto (London, 1960; 10667.m.13).
With understandable trepidation we received a gift to the Esperanto Collections of more than 100 titles from Marjorie Boulton’s private library at the beginning of 2014. The donated books could be divided into three main categories: textbooks and dictionaries; poetry and fiction (original and translations); books for children. Some really rare items from the pioneer period of Esperanto movement will be added to our extensive collection, among them William Sol Benson’s Universala Esperantistigilo in 10 lessons (‘Universal method for making you an Esperantist’, Newark, 1925-1927, picture below by Rimma Lough) and Esperanta radikaro (‘Roots of Esperanto’, Paris, 1896) by the pioneer French Esperantist Théophile Cart, as well as Esperanta Ŝlosilo (‘Key to Esperanto’) in Persian (Tabriz, 1930).
Marjorie Boulton collected dictionaries of Esperanto in various languages. Very valuable are terminological dictionaries, which show the persistence of generations of Esperantists in their desire to develop the language in all spheres of human activity. We received various terminological dictionaries; some of them are parts of the annual publication Jarlibro de la Internacia Esperanto-Ligo (‘Yearbook of the International Esperanto League’): Aeronautika terminaro (‘Aeronautical terminology’) for 1941; Filatela terminaro (Philatelic) for 1945; Kudra kaj trika terminaro (Sewing and knitting) for 1947. Even Armea terminaro (‘Army terminology’, Rickmansworth, 1940) and Militista vortareto (‘Military dictionary’, Paris, 1955) found their way into Marjorie Boulton’s library.
Connoisseurs of original poetry and fiction in Esperanto will be delighted by the addition to our collections of the poetry collection Dekdu poetoj (‘Twelve poets’, Budapest, 1934) and by the availability in the very near future of original poetry in Esperanto written in many countries, such as, for example, the poetry collection Spektro (‘Spectrum’, Tirano, 1992) by an Albanian Esperanto poet, Enkela Xhamaj, or a short story by V. Zavyalov, published in Saratov (Russia) in 1915.
Bright, colourful books for children come from China. These were all published by Ĉina Esperanto-Eldonejo (Chinese Esperanto-Publishers) in the 1980s (picture below). In addition you will be able to read the famous adventures of Tintin in Esperanto: La Aventuroj de Tinĉjo. La Nigra insulo (Esperantix, 1987).
The donation (a tiny part of the Dr Boulton’s large private library) provides a small glimpse into her life as a fervent collector of books. It would be appropriate to finish my blog about this valuable acquisition by quoting fragments of Marjorie Boulton’s own poem Riĉeco (‘Richness,’ translated by D. B. Gregor) in which she marvels at the variety of human experiences and richness of every human being:
To understand another life, we’d need
To live again at least a second span,
And even then our knowledge but deludes.
If only we could know, could know indeed!
Our puny knowledge does not more than scan
The richness of mankind’s vicissitudes.
A hundred thanks for a hundred delightful items!
Olga Kerziouk, Curator Esperanto Studies
18 December 2013
“This country called Belarus”: our latest Belarusian acquisition
In June 2013 I saw some information about the book This Country Called Belarus: an Illustrated History on the website of the Belarusian newspaper Nasha Niva. I contacted our supplier MIPP, a firm based in Lithuania, to buy a copy of the book straight away, because some books are so popular they sell out very quickly. In July 2013 the book arrived at the British Library and I catalogued it; it is now available at shelfmark YD.2013.b.892.
Nasha Niva from 1908 (Facsimile edition (Minsk, 1992) at BL shelfmark ZA.9.d.369
Nasha Niva was the first Belarusian-language newspaper; it was published by two major Belarusian cultural figures, Ivan Lutskevich and Anton Lutskevich, and appeared weekly between 1906 and 1915 in Vilnius [Polish: Wilno, Belarusian: Vilnia]. Publication ceased when the Germans occupied the city in the First World War and was renewed briefly in 1920. The newspaper appeared once again in 1991, after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The editor at the time was Andrei Skurko.
Cover of the book This country called Belarus (Bratislava, 2013). YD.2013.b.892
The author of the book — the first Belarusian edition of which appeared in 2003 — is Uladzimir Arlou, a well-known Belarusian historian and writer; the artistic designer is Zmitser Herasimovich. The translator is Jim Dingley, Acting Chairman of the Anglo-Belarusian Society. The book was published in Bratislava, Slovakia. The presentation of this book to the world was thus a truly international effort.
The book covers art, history, culture, famous historical figures and facts, biographies, all of which combine to make this book into a most beautiful publication about Belarus.
I hope our readers will enjoy reading it!
Rimma Lough, Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian Cataloguer
04 December 2013
A library of Macedonian literature in the British Library
A major critical edition of Macedonian literature in 130 volumes was published in 2008 as a central event to mark the year deemed as a year of Macedonian language in the Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). The edition of Macedonian literature was initiated and designed by the Macedonian Writers’ Association (Друштвото на писателите на Македонија established in 1947) and was funded by the Macedonian government as a project of national importance. The stated purpose of the project was to give a creative impulse and commercial confidence to Macedonian publishing, printing, bookselling, librarianship and to Macedonian literature and culture in general.
The project aimed to present the best of the nation’s literature in a comprehensive edition of literary texts and works seen in Macedonia as the national literary pantheon. The Ohrid literary school of St Clement was taken as a starting-point for this ambitious overview of Macedonian literacy and literature. The edition thus covers 1100 years of Old Slavonic literacy and therefore covers the Macedonian language and literary tradition to the present day.
Around 80 scholars, writers and critics, members of the Macedonian Academy, which was a partner in the project, and other specialists took part as compilers, editors and preface authors for each volume published in the edition. The first seven volumes of the edition are dedicated to the Macedonian Slavonic literary heritage from the 10th century until after the Second World War, the creation of the Macedonian literary language and the beginnings of contemporary Macedonian literature. The founders (основоположниците) of modern Macedonian literature take a central place in this edition, including the prominent writers Kočo Racin, Kole Nedelkovski, Venko Markovski, Slavko Janevski, Blaže Koneski, Kole Čašule, and Aco Šopov.
Photograph of Kočo Racin (from Wikimedia Commons)
Seven generations of Macedonian writers are represented in the edition, from the first-born in the 1920s to the youngest generation born in the 1980s. Around 100 writers are represented by their selected works published in separate volumes, and around 200 writers are presented in critical anthologies in the remaining volumes. All literary genres, poetry, prose and essays, plays, literary history and criticism and children’s literature are represented. The edition is trilingual; 80 per cent of it is in Macedonian and 20 per cent is in Albanian and Turkish. Works by ethnic minorities within Macedonia and works by writers from Macedonia who wrote or published in other languages – mainly Bulgarian, Serbian and English (дводомни писатели) – are included in the edition. The volumes are numbered from 1 to 131 and volume five was intentionally omitted from the series. This omission is to symbolise anyone who is not remembered here and writers who are yet to come.
Blaže Koneski (from Wikimedia Commons)
This edition of Macedonian literature has multiple significance. On the one hand it examines and promotes nationally and internationally the achievements of Macedonian language and literature, and on the other hand it celebrates the Macedonian cultural identity developed over the decades after the Second World War. The edition is not only a national literary encyclopaedia; it is also a record of the Macedonian past and tells the story of the long journey of the Macedonian people towards a national state in the Balkans. This edition reflects the development of the national tradition, culture and consciousness and their expression by means of language and literature. In 2011 the edition was published in English translation, the work of 80 Macedonian translators and 25 English language editors, coordinated and published by the National and University Library of Macedonia.
The British Library was extremely fortunate and privileged to acquire by donation a copy of the English edition, promoted in this country at a University College London event in 2012. Each volume in the series is catalogued separately in continuous order at the shelfmarks YD.2012.a.6791 to YD.2012.a.6916. In 2013 the library received by donation a set of the 2008 original edition (shelfmark range from YF.2013.a.24215 to YF.2013.a.24342). Both donations are valuable and highly appreciated additions to our Macedonian collections. They introduce a whole national literature to non-Macedonian readers and users of the library. The newly-acquired resources, supplied with bibliographical sources and references, serve as a useful guide to the Macedonian collections in the Library.
Early Macedonian literary works arrived in the library as another important donation from the Yugoslav government to the Trustees of the British Museum Library in April 1948. This was a collection of some 500 Yugoslav books which included poetry by the aforementioned founders of Macedonian literature Venko Markovski Poroi (Skopje, 1945; BL shelfmark 011586.n.49.), Kočo Racin Pesni (Skopje, 1946; 11588.bb.4.), and Kole Nedelkovski Pesni (Skopje, 1946; 11588.bb.3.), among other Macedonian literary works.
It seems highly appropriate to acknowledge and put on record these wonderful donations which form an integral and significant part in the development of the Library’s collections over the years.
Milan Grba, Lead Curator Southeast European Collections
02 December 2013
Spot the difference: a title page too far
The earliest printed books didn’t have title pages: they just launched straight in with ‘Here beginneth …’ (in Latin, incipit). When the title page came along in the 16th century, it was just letter-press. But as the 16th century wore on, title pages grew more ambitious, and were engraved, with the title enclosed in a structure modelled on the facades of buildings of the time. The panels of these fantastic inky edifices included allegorical figures (quite often well-endowed ladies), pithy sayings and emblematic vignettes.
It’s not always easy to work out who was responsible for what. The designs are often signed with a name or names followed by a phrase (in Latin and abbreviated) which at least in theory explained what that person did – delineavit (drew), invenit (devised), sculpsit (engraved) or just fecit (made) – but in practice the roles are blurred.
The best book on the subject is inevitably on English title pages: the alluringly named The Comely Frontispiece: The Emblematic Title-page in England, 1550-1660 by Margery Corbett and Ronald Lightbown (London, 1979; British Library X.800/27484). These authors show that in England it was often the author who devised the design.
We Hispanists don’t have the wealth of supporting documents for which we envy our colleagues in English. But in one case we may be sure that the author was also the mastermind behind the title page.
In 1618 budding poet Esteban Manuel de Villegas (1589-1669) published his Las eróticas o amatorias. The title page showed figures of Horace and Anacreon (because these were the authors translated in the book), with at the base an emblem of the rising sun outshining the stars framed by the motto ‘Sicut sol matutinus’ and around the sun ‘Me surgente quid istae?’ [Like the morning Sun. When I rise, who cares about these?]. ‘Sol matutinus’ puns ‘morning sun’ with ‘sun of Matute’ (Villegas’s birthplace, which made him a son of Matute).
The elaborate title page of Eroticas (Nájera, 1618) RB.23.a.35799
This was all too big-headed for some. Lope de Vega was in no doubt that the author was responsible for the design and put him in his place in his critical tour d’horizon the Laurel de Apolo:
Aspire luego de Pegaso al monte
el dulce traductor de Anacreonte,
cuyos estudios con perpetua gloria
libraron del olvido su memoria;
aunque dijo que todos se escondiesen
cuando los rayos de su ingenio viesen (III, 269-74)
[Then let the dulcet translator of Anacreon
Aspire to Pegasus’s Mount;
His studies with perpetual glory
Have rescued his memory from oblivion;
Though he did tell everyone to take cover
When they saw the sunbeams of his genius.]
Villegas learned his lesson. The issue with the lampooned title page is rare. More common is the second edition of 1620: gone is the bombast of the first, and instead it shows two links striking sparks off a flint, and the legend ‘Con el ocio, lo luzido se desluze. Rompe y luze’ [With idleness, the brilliant grows dim. Strike and shine].
Villegas’ more restrained second edition (Nájera, 1620) 1071.m.46
The British Library has owned the modest second edition since 1871. Only this year did we have the great good fortune of acquiring its overweening predecessor.
Barry Taylor, Curator Hispanic Studies
References:
Margaret Smith, The Title-Page: Its early Development 1460-1510 (London, 2000) 2708.h.839
Barry Taylor, ‘Allegorical title pages in seventeenth-century Spain and Portugal’, in Pruebas de imprenta: estudios sobre la cultura editorial del libro en la España moderna y contemporánea, ed. Gabriel Sánchez Espinosa (Madrid, 2013), pp.67-82
27 November 2013
Valse Mélancolique with Olha Kobylianska
Olha Kobylianska (1863-1942), whose 150th birthday we mark today, is one of the most outstanding modernist writers in the history of Ukrainian literature. Her achievements are even more remarkable when we consider that she was born into a family of mixed origin (a Ukrainian father and a Polish-German mother) in a remote part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and that her education and growing into adulthood happened to be in a mainly German-language intellectual environment. It is not surprising that she started her literary career with German-language novellas in the 1880s.
Photograph of Olha Kobylianska. Source: Wikimedia Commons
A meeting with the prominent Ukrainian feminist activists Sofia Okunevska-Morachevska (her relative, the first woman doctor in the Austro-Hungarian empire and first Ukrainian woman to graduate from university) and Nataliia Kobrynska in the 1890s changed the direction of her life. She joined the Association of Ruthenian Women in Bukovina and chose to write in Ukrainian. Why? Dr Rory Finnin, Head of Ukrainian Studies at Cambridge University, asks the same question in his brilliant article ‘The Rebels and risk-takers’ . His answer is as follows: “Theories abound… These theories tend to frame Kobylianska’s choice as first and foremost political or pragmatic. They often fail to consider a simpler possibility: that the choice was above all an artistic and even serendipitous one”. “For Kobylianska, art was truly everything”, Rory Finnin continues. He analyses Kobylianska’s famous novella Valse Mélancolique (published in 1898) which describes three independent- minded women living together and concludes how far ahead she was in her views of women’s’ emancipation: “Bear in mind that Valse Mélancolique predates Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own by over thirty years”.
The British Library holds many early editions of Olha Kobylianska’s works, from a short story Pryroda (Nature; shelfmark YA.1988.a.4968), published in Chernivtsi in 1897 to the most recent edition of her German-language short stories under the title Valse Mélancolique (Czernowitz, 2013; YF.2013.a.18780). Amongst the gems of the Ukrainian Collection is a rare edition of the almanac Za krasoiu (For beauty) published by Ostap Lutsky, a prominent Modernist poet.
Za Krasiou (Chernivtsi, 1905). British Library 012264.k.11.
The lovely Bukovinian city of Chernivtsi became her home. She moved there in 1891, and died there during the Second World War. The local Music and Drama Theatre bears her name, and there is a Literary Museum dedicated to her. A monument to Olha Kobylianska erected in 1980 stands in front of the theatre.
Amongst our most recent acquisitions I would like to mention an anthology of Ukrainian women’s writing Z nepokrytoiu holovoiu (With an uncovered head) (Kyiv, 2013). Unsurprisingly it starts with two works by Olha Kobylianska: an extract from Valse Mélancolique and a short story Arystokratka (Aristocrat). Quite significantly, they are followed by two short stories by her closest friend and true sister in spirit Lesya Ukrainka.
Olha Kobylianska and Lesya Ukrainka in 1901. Source: Wikimedia Commons
It is a pity that Olha Kobylianska’s truly European and pioneering works are so little known to English-speaking readers. Translations of her works by Roma Franko, edited by Sonia Morris, are included in three books published by the small Canadian publisher Language Lanterns Publications: But the Lord is silent: selected prose fiction by Olha Kobylianska and Yevheniya Yaroshynska; (Saskatoon, 1999; YA.2000.a.6295), Warm the children, o sun: selected prose fiction by Olha Kobylianska ... [et al.] (Saskatoon, 2000; YA.2001.a.6785) and For a crust of bread: selected prose fiction by Nataliya Kobrynska... [et al.] (Saskatoon, 2000; YA.2001.a.6778)
There is an entry about the life and work of Olha Kobylianska in A biographical dictionary of women's movements and feminisms, Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th centuries, ed. by Francisca de Haan, Krassimira Daskalova and Anna Loutfi (Budapest, 2006; HLR 305.42) But the discovery of this great ground-breaking Ukrainian “rebel and risk taker” in English-speaking world is still ahead.
Olga Kerziouk, Curator Ukrainian Studies
14 November 2013
Gilt and gingerbread - celebrating a rare binding sample
In an earlier blog post I wrote about a remarkable and unique object that Printed Historical Sources and Dutch Language Collections bought with the generous support of the Friends of the British Library.
On 6 November we celebrated this purchase with the Friends, the Dutch Ambassador and some colleagues. Dr. Jan Storm van Leeuwen and Professor Mirjam Foot, renowned experts on Dutch bookbindings, gave us their ideas on what this strange object might be, followed by a viewing in small groups of the item itself in the finishing studio of the BL’s Conservation Centre , where Book Conservator Doug Mitchell showed his mock-up of the object especially made by for the occasion and gave a demonstration of gold tooling (described here by Christine Duffy) .
Doug Mitchell (centre) displays his mock-up; the original sample can be seen to the left. (Photograph by Elizabeth Hunter )
Meanwhile Conservation Team Leader Robert Brodie entertained guests in the Conservation Centre’s Foyle Room by displaying some of the Centre’s own book decoration tools and answering questions from fascinated guests. There was a real sense of excitement in the air, which made it a very lively and interesting afternoon. Guests offered their own theories about what the object might be and are very interested to hear of any further developments in the research on this item.
Robert Brodie (left) shows colleagues and visitors some of the Library’s own binding tools (Photograph by Elizabeth Hunter )
We hope that this event will generate further research interest from the academic, professional and arts world, so that together we may solve the puzzle of the ‘Book Binder’s Specimen. Sample book cover. Utrecht/Amsterdam c. 1730’ (C.188.c.43). It did inspire me to bake and gild some traditional Dutch gingerbread!
Marja Kingma, Curator Low Countries Studies
Further reading:
Jan Storm van Leeuwen, Dutch decorated bookbinding in the eighteenth century ('t Goy-Houten, 2006) YD.2006.b.1244
Mirjam M. Foot, Studies in the history of bookbinding (Aldershot,1993)
93/18864 and 667.u.132
For the Love of the Binding: studies in bookbinding history presented to Mirjam Foot, ed. by David Pearson. (London, 2000) 667.u.169
Eloquent witnesses : bookbindings and their history, ed. by Mirjam M. Foot. (London, 2001) YC.2006.a.2251 and m05/.10663
Marja presents her gilded gingerbread men to the speakers (Photograph by Elizabeth Hunter )
13 September 2013
One Conference - Two Views
The regular WESLINE Conference took place at the beginning of this month, attended by a number of staff working with the British Library's West European collections. Here two of them give their impressions of the event.
The WESLINE Conferences are that rare opportunity to hear from and mix with other librarians working with Western European languages and the September 2013 two-day event at Balliol College, Oxford was no exception.
The packed programme of events (full details can be found on WESLINE’s website) lived up to its promise. On the first day we heard about the future of modern language collection management and different initiatives being driven forward, such as the use of COPAC CCM, which can be used to identify and compare the holdings of major UK research libraries in particular subject areas. This topic led smoothly into the future of librarians working within modern languages, raising the familiar issue of restructuring, and gave the results of a questionnaire sent to Wesline members earlier this year to examine the extent of their language expertise and how their responsibilities lie within their own institutions.
Blogging, a now indispensable tool on library websites, was discussed in detail, particularly interesting for those of us who read blogs but have not yet ventured into this world as bloggers! Talks on contemporary Brazilian film and on Franz Kafka and his manuscripts completed the very full day.
Day two began with a section entitled ‘Lost voices’ which encompassed librarians working in little-known or background fields. We had two very interesting talks on the small but thriving area of Celtic Studies, and another on the role of the science librarian – all of which emphasised the need for linguistic expertise in their daily work.
The discussion then moved to a topic dear to my own heart, as for the first time at a Wesline conference, cataloguers were featured. Speakers from the foreign language cataloguing teams at the British Library, Cambridge University Library and the London Library certainly gave a voice to a group of librarians who often feel hidden yet who also require a great deal of linguistic expertise when coping with the intellectual rigours of subject work, deriving records, RDA, and Authority Control.
Further talks coverd the ways in which the work of subject specialists is changing, often to take on extra linguistic areas in which they actually do not have expertise, as budget cuts bite. A very informative talk on the thorny issue of open access followed, and the last session featured speakers introducing Europeana, a digital European cultural heritage library bringing together resources from museums, archives and galleries, and The European Library, which was established in 1997 as a joint web portal of 48 European national libraries. The Director of Oxford’s Electronic Enlightenment Project then described the project’s work to collate scholarly correspondence of the Enlightenment era and create an electronic biographical dictionary.
The conference ended with a presentation on western manuscripts and rare books held in the Bodleian Library followed by various tours; mine was to the fascinating Taylor Institution Library to see the western European language collections.
To finish - the conference dinner in a Spanish restaurant should not be ignored as it provided another opportunity to socialise with colleagues from other institutions as part of an extremely well-run conference. For this we have to thank Nick Hearn, French and Russian Subject Specialist, and Joanne Edwards, Subject Consultant, Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, Taylor Institution Library, Oxford, who organized the conference with such dedication and efficiency.
Patricia Tiney, Western European Languages Cataloguing Team
2. The Curator's Tale
Having heard my colleagues speak reverently about the Wesline conference I felt a great sense of anticipation and excitement going there myself for the first time and I must say I wasn’t disappointed!
For me the best thing about conferences is the people I meet and hearing their stories about life and work. I made some very good new contacts with whom I hope to stay in touch for a long time. Funnily enough, the most surprising conversations I had were with some of my own British Library colleagues! Shows you what a change of environment can do for internal relations, as well as for external ones.
Another perk of going to conferences is that you get to visit places you would otherwise never have a chance to explore. Balliol College is such a place. Not only could we wander in and out without having to pay, but we stayed in rooms around the quads (I learned a new word!) and had our meals in the dining hall, surrounded by portraits of former Masters of the College such as Edward Heath, Harold Macmillan and the British Library’s own former Chairman Sir Colin Lucas.
It almost felt like being on holiday, but this was definitely not the case. Nick Hearn and Joanne Edwards had put together a busy programme jam-packed with talks, presentations and panel discussions. Talking of jam, another BL colleague had gone way beyond the call of duty by getting up at dawn and baking the most delicious little pastries to go with the tea and coffee. The only slightly darker aspect was the weather: it was far too nice and sunny to be sitting indoors! Lucky for us the speakers quickly diverted our attention from the weather outside to their fascinating talks and presentations.
Delegates in Balliol's dining hall (Photograph by Marja Kingma)
It was interesting to hear how other libraries approach issues like collection development and approval plans. Things that I found particularly useful to hear about were the shifts in collection development in many academic libraries from actively selecting new titles to using automated techniques in clever ways. A lot needs to be done still before we reach the point where most selection can be left to robots, and luckily the tried-and-tested partnership between librarian and scholar is still going strong, augmented by input from students via tools such as Demand-Driven Acquisitions.
An interesting point was made about the need for subject librarians to know more about existing collections, in order to be better able to identify items for digitization. The COPAC Collection Management Tools project, funded by JISC, seeks to help academic libraries in finding out what is unique in their collections, in setting priorities and in making decisions on what to digitise. Approval plans, if set up and managed properly, can also help us to make the most of our resources when selecting. In Oxford they seem to work well, and by no means imply shifting responsibility from the librarian to the supplier.
I have great admiration for the Bodleian's History Librarian Isabel Holowaty, who has made blogging into a truly multi-media and interactive art. She inspired me to think more about how best to blog, so hopefully we will reach more people with our posts!
Marja Kingma, Curator Low Countries Studies
Garden Quad, Balliol College; the conference was in the building to the right. (Photograph by Tom Page, from Wikimedia Commons)
19 August 2013
Second World War Soviet Propaganda
Eighteen envelopes full of World War II Soviet propaganda material, containing about 350 items, including leaflets, newspapers and flyers are held in the Official Publications collection at the British Library (S.N.6/11.(2.)) and were accessioned by the British Museum on 31 August 1955. A short typewritten note in Russian, signed by one IU.Okov and addressed to a Mr Barman survives as part of the collection: “Dear Mr Barman, please find enclosed several of our leaflets in German and Hungarian. Yours sincerely, IU. Okov”.
In the same envelope is a typewritten list of items, probably enclosed with the same letter. The letter is dated January 1945 and was sent by the Soviet Office of Propaganda, presumably to some British counterpart. However, as the collection contains more items in other languages, including Finnish, Polish and Romanian, it is very likely that this correspondence originated on more than one occasion. It would be very interesting to learn more about the provenance of the collection and its whereabouts before it came to the Library. Unfortunately, we don’t have any information on Mr Okov or Mr Barman, but it would be very interesting to learn who they were.
When war with the Nazi Germany broke out on 22 June 1941, the Communist Party of the USSR took a decision to create a new organisation, which was called the Soviet Office of Political and Military Propaganda (later reformed into the Office of Propaganda on Enemy and Occupied Territories). By the end of 1941, eighteen propaganda newspapers were being published in the Soviet Union in various foreign languages, ten of them in German.
Even the German intelligence accepted that the Soviet propaganda was very effective. Propaganda aimed at Nazi soldiers and civilians in Germany and on occupied territories didn’t focus on communist ideology or criticise religion, the class structure of society, etc. The main objective was to condemn Hitler and his National Socialist German Workers Party.
The propaganda materials vividly illustrated atrocities by Nazi troops on the occupied territories on the one hand and the strength of the Soviet Army and consequently its inevitable victory on the other. Among various propaganda techniques one of the most important was an emotional appeal to ‘common’ people who were forced to fight a war that was not in their interests. Images of women and children waiting for their husbands, sons and fathers back at home were widely used. Women and children in these pictures appeared miserable and ashamed that their loved ones were fighting on the Eastern front, and these impressions came out as genuinely poignant and moving.
Most of the flyers contain a pass written in German and Russian that could be torn off and presented to the Soviet troops when surrendering. In 1942, after the first German defeats, a special series of propaganda materials demonstrating the enemy's losses was launched. The propaganda message addressed to Germany's allies stressed the argument that the German fascists were using their allies' troops in the most dangerous situations and campaigns.
Several items from this collection can be seen in the current BL exhibition 'Propaganda: Power and Persuasion' which is on till 17 September 2013.
Katya Rogatchevskaia, Lead Curator Russian Studies
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